Bibliography on peyote / Lophophora

The following bibliography is meant to cover literature on primarily peyote/Lophophora and related Mexican/Texan cactus species, but many general works on cacti are also included. The bibliography lists books and journal articles as well as relevant online material - and download links are provided for works that are publicly available online. Currently the bibliography is very much a work in progress and will be expanded in the future; it was last updated April 25, 2013 and contains 74 entries. Please let me know if you encounter any stale links or have additional references.


Anderson, Edward F. (1958). "A Recent Field Trip in Search of Ariocarpus". Cactus and Succulent Journal (US) 30(6), 171-174

Anderson, Edward F. (1960). "A Revision of Ariocarpus (Cactaceae). I. The Status of the Proposed Genus Roseocactus". American Journal of Botany 47(7), 582-589

Anderson, Edward Frederick (1961). A taxonomic revision of Ariocarpus, Lophophora, Pelecyphora and Obregonia (Family Cactaceae). Ph.D. Dissertation, The Claremont Graduate University.

Anderson, Edward F. (1962). "A Revision of Ariocarpus (Cactaceae). II. The Status of the Proposed Genus Neogomesia". American Journal of Botany 49(6), 615-622

Anderson, Edward F. (1963). "A Revision of Ariocarpus (Cactaceae). III. Formal Taxonomy of the Subgenus Roseocactus". American Journal of Botany 50(7), 724-732

Anderson, Edward F. (1964). "A Revision of Ariocarpus (Cactaceae). IV. Formal Taxonomy of the Subgenus Ariocarpus". American Journal of Botany 51(2), 144-151

Anderson, Edward F. (1967). "A Study of the Proposed Genus Obregonia (Cactaceae)". American Journal of Botany 54(7), 897-903

Anderson, Edward F. & Boke, Norman H. (1969). "The Genus Pelecyphora (Cactaceae): Resolution of a Controversy". American Journal of Botany 56(3), 314-326

Anderson, Edward F. (1969). "The Biogeography, Ecology, and Taxonomy of Lophophora (Cactaceae)". Brittonia 21(4), 299-310

Anderson, Edward F. & Skillman, Susan M. (1984). "A Comparison of Aztekium and Strombocactus (Cactaceae)". Systematic Botany 9(1), 42-49

Anderson, Edward; Montes, Salvador Arias & Taylor, Nigel P. (1994). Threatened Cacti of Mexico. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. ISBN 0 947643 70 2. [Volume two in the Succulent Plant Research series; with a chapter on propagation by Andrea Cattabriga. Buy Threatened Cacti of Mexicofrom Amazon]

Anderson, Edward F. (1996). Peyote: The Divine Cactus (2nd edition). Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-8165-1654-5. [buy Peyote: The Divine Cactusfrom Amazon]

Anderson, Edward F. (2001). The Cactus Family. Portland: Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-498-9. [buy The Cactus Familyfrom Amazon]

Backeberg, Curt (1958). Die Cactaceae - Handbuch der Kakteenkunde, Band I: Einleitung und Beschreibung der Peireskioideae und Opuntioideae. Jena: VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag. [Pages 1-638, plates 1-35]

Backeberg, Curt (1959). Die Cactaceae - Handbuch der Kakteenkunde, Band II: Cereoideae (Hylocereeae - Cereeae [Austrocereinae]). Jena: VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag. [Pages 639-1360, plates 36-107]

Backeberg, Curt (1959). Die Cactaceae - Handbuch der Kakteenkunde, Band III: Cereoideae (Austrocactinae). Jena: VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag. [Pages 1361-1926, plates 108-160]

Backeberg, Curt (1960). Die Cactaceae - Handbuch der Kakteenkunde, Band IV: Cereoideae (Boreocereeae). Jena: VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag. [Pages 1927-2630, plates 161-211]

Backeberg, Curt (1961). Die Cactaceae - Handbuch der Kakteenkunde, Band V: Cereoideae (Boreocactinae). Jena: VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag. [Pages 2631-3544, plates 212-255. Lophophora is covered on pp. 2893-2903 and plate 215 (plus illustration of cristate L.williamsii on p. 2904)]

Backeberg, Curt (1962). Die Cactaceae - Handbuch der Kakteenkunde, Band VI: Nachträge und Index. Jena: VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag. [Pages 3545-4042, no plates]

Backeberg, Curt (1979). Das Kakteenlexikon: Enumeratio diagnostica Cactacearum (5th edition). Jena: VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag. [822 pages with 534 illustrations; Lophophora: pp. 217-218 and plate 204]

Barthlott, Wilhelm & Hunt, David (2000). Seed-diversity in the Cactaceae subfam. Cactoideae. Milborne Port: dh books. ISBN 0 9538134 0 1. [Volume five in the Succulent Plant Research series. Buy Seed-diversity in the Cactaceae Subfamily Cactoideaefrom Amazon]

Benson, Lyman David (1982). The Cacti of the United States and Canada. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-0863-0. [A monumental book; one of my favorite works on cacti. With line drawings by Lucretia Breazeale Hamilton. Buy The Cacti of the United States and Canadafrom Amazon]

Bohata, Jaroslav; Myšák, Vojtĕch & Šnicer, Jaroslav (2005). Genus Lophophora Coulter - Kaktusy Special 2. Society of Czech and Slovak Cactus and Succulent Growers. [This booklet gives a comprehensive and long needed review of the genus Lophophora. A division of the genus into the two sections, Lophophora and Diffusae, is proposed]

Boke, Norman H. & Anderson, Edward F. (1970). "Structure, Development, and Taxonomy in the Genus Lophophora". American Journal of Botany 57(5), 569-578

Boyd, Carolyn E. & Dering, J. Philip (1996). "Medicinal and hallucinogenic plants identified in the sediments and pictographs of the Lower Pecos, Texas Archaic". Antiquity 70(268), 256-275

Boyd, Carolyn Elizabeth (1998). The Work of Art: Rock Art and Adaptation in the Lower Pecos, Texas Archaic. Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A&M University.

Boyd, Carolyn E. (2003). Rock Art of the Lower Pecos. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1-58544-259-3. [buy Rock Art of the Lower Pecosfrom Amazon]

Britton, Nathaniel Lord & Rose, Joseph Nelson (1919). The Cactaceae - Descriptions and Illustrations of Plants of the Cactus Family, Volume I. Washington, D.C: Carnegie Institution of Washington. [More information on The Cactaceae .You can also download all four volumes from the mirror maintained by the Carnegie Institution]

Britton, Nathaniel Lord & Rose, Joseph Nelson (1920). The Cactaceae - Descriptions and Illustrations of Plants of the Cactus Family, Volume II. Washington, D.C: Carnegie Institution of Washington.

Britton, Nathaniel Lord & Rose, Joseph Nelson (1922). The Cactaceae - Descriptions and Illustrations of Plants of the Cactus Family, Volume III. Washington, D.C: Carnegie Institution of Washington. [Lophophora is treated on pp. 83-85 and illustrated in plates IX and X]

Britton, Nathaniel Lord & Rose, Joseph Nelson (1923). The Cactaceae - Descriptions and Illustrations of Plants of the Cactus Family, Volume IV. Washington, D.C: Carnegie Institution of Washington.

Butterworth, Charles A.; Cota-Sanchez, J. Hugo & Wallace, Robert S. (2002). "Molecular Systematics of Tribe Cacteae (Cactaceae: Cactoideae): A Phylogeny Based on rpl16 Intron Sequence Variation". Systematic Botany 27(2), 257-270 [Acharagma, Lophophora, and Obregonia are placed together in a well-supported taxonomic clade, the Lophophora clade]

Coulter, John Merle (1891). "Botany of western Texas - A manual of the phanerogams and pteriodophytes of western Texas". Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 2(1), 1-152 [Cactaceæ is covered on pp. 125-137. Peyote is classified as Mammillaria Williamsii on p. 129: "M. Williamsii (Echinocactus Williamsii Lem. Anhalonium Williamsii Eng), a Mexican species, with the flattened tubercles arranged in ribs, is reported by Dr. Havard to occur along the upper Rio Grande."]

Coulter, John Merle (1894). "Preliminary revision of the North American species of Cactus, Anhalonium, and Lophophora". Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 3(2), 91-132 [In this paper Coulter raised the new genus Lophophora and described L. williamsii and L. williamsii lewinii; pp. 131-132]

Croizat, Léon (1943). "A study of the genus Lophophora Coulter I". Desert Plant Life 15(8), 116-120 [Subhead: What is Anhalonium Lewinii?]

Croizat, Léon (1943). "A study of the genus Lophophora Coulter I (Cont.)". Desert Plant Life 15, 138-140

Croizat, Léon (1943). "A study of the genus Lophophora Coulter II". Desert Plant Life 15(10), 152-154 [Subhead: Rouhier's Nomenclature]

Croizat, Léon (1944). "A study of the genus Lophophora Coulter III". Desert Plant Life 16(1), 7-9 [Subhead: The Typification of Lophophora Williamsii Coult. and L. Williamsii Lewinii Coulter]

Croizat, Léon (1944). "A study of the genus Lophophora Coulter IV". Desert Plant Life 16(3), 37-38, 43-44 [Subhead: The publication of additional novelties under Lophophora]

Croizat, Léon (1944). "A study of the genus Lophophora Coulter V". Desert Plant Life 16(4), 53-55 [Subhead: A discussion of Schumann's "Hylaeiden" pellotinica and anhaloninica]

Förster, Carl Friedrich (1846). Handbuch der Cacteenkunde in ihrem ganzen Umfange. Leipzig: Verlag von Im. Tr. Wöller. [Echinocactus Williamsii is described on page 285 with an addendum on page 519. The full title reads: Handbuch der Cacteenkunde in ihrem ganzen Umfange, oder, Die erfolgreichsten, auf die neuesten Erfahrungen gegründeten Kulturangaben sowie ausführliche und genaue Beschreibung und berichtigte Synonymik sämmtlicher bis jetzt bekannt gewordener Cacteen, und überhaupt alles in Bezug auf diese Pflanzenfamilie sonst nur Wissenswerthe.]

Förster, Carl Friedrich & Rümpler, Theodor (1886). Handbuch der Cacteenkunde in ihrem ganzen Umfange (2nd edition). Leipzig: Verlag von Im. Tr. Wöller. [Anhalonium Williamsii is described on page 233 and 235. In all fairness this book probably should have been indexed under Rümpler's name. The full title reads: Carl Friedrich Förster's Handbuch der Cacteenkunde in ihrem ganzen Umfange: nach dem gegenwärtigen Stande der Wissenschaft bearbeitet und durch die seit 1846 begründetet Gattungen und neu eingeführten Arten vermehrt, von Theodor Rümpler (Zweite gänzlich umgearbeitete Auflage)]

Grym, Rudolf (1997). Rod/Die Gattung Lophophora. Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo Roman Staník. ISBN 80-900933-9-6. [The book features an appendix on Lophophora chemistry by Dr Roman Štarha. A german translation of the text is available in a (repeatedly) xeroxed booklet.]

Hulsey, Diana; Kalam, M. Abul; Daley, Paul; Fowler, Norma & Terry, Martin (2011). "Clinal geographic variations in mescaline concentrations among Texas populations of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae)". Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 5(2), 677-683

Hunt, David (2006). The New Cactus Lexicon - Text. Milborne Port: dh books. ISBN 0 9538134 5 2. [Descriptions & Illustrations of the Cactus Family; compiled and edited by David Hunt with the assistance of Nigel Taylor, Graham Charles and many members of the International Cactaceae Systematics Group; the lexicon consists of two volumes, vol. 1 containing text and vol 2. an atlas of illustrations. Review of The New Cactus Lexicon]

Hunt, David (2006). The New Cactus Lexicon - Atlas of illustrations. Milborne Port: dh books. ISBN 0 9538134 6 0. [The complete work, text + atlas volumes, has ISBN 0 9538134 4 4]

Kapadia, Govind J. & Fayez, M. B. E. (1970). "Peyote constituents: Chemistry, biogenesis, and biological effects". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 59(12), 1699-1727 [Review article]

Kiesling , Roberto & Piltz, Jörg (2001). "Yavia cryptocarpa R. Kiesling & Piltz, gen. & spec. nov.". Kakteen und andere Sukkulenten 52(3), 57-63 [Article describing the new genus and species Yavia cryptocarpa]

Kiesling , Roberto & Ferrari, Omar (2003). "Yavia cryptocarpa – conservation action on a new and interesting cactus". British Cactus and Succulent Journal 21(1), 20-25 [Link to Yavia cryptocarpa habitat pictures]

Kunte, Libor & Šedivý, Vladislav (2002). Genus Ariocarpus Scheidweiler - Kaktusy Special 2. Society of Czech and Slovak Cactus and Succulent Growers.

Neurath, Johannes; Negrin, Juan & Kindl, Olivia (2005). Arte Huichol (Huichol Art), Artes de Mexico # 75 (Bilingual edition: Spanish/English). Artes de Mexico. ISBN 9706831150. [Buy Arte Huicholfrom Amazon]

Obermeyer, William Robert, Jr. (1989). Enhancement of growth and alkaloid production in tissue cultures of peyote, Lophophora williamsii (Lemaire) Coulter. Ph.D. Dissertation, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science.

Pilbeam, John & Weightman, Bill (2006). Ariocarpus et cetera: The special, smaller genera of Mexican cacti. Hornchurch: British Cactus & Succulent Society. ISBN 0-902099-78-7. [This book does a wonderful job of illustrating and describing those small species of cacti from Mexico that every cactus grower loves. Information on the cultivation of these plants is included. Buy Ariocarpus et ceterafrom Amazon]

Štarha, Roman (2001). Sekundární metabolity čeledi Cactaceae. Ostrava: Universitas Ostraviensis. [Book on secondary metabolites in plants of the Cactaceae family]

Šnicer, Jaroslav; Bohata, Jaroslav & Myšák, Vojtĕch (2008). "Lophophora alberto-vojtechii". Cactus & Co. 12(2), 105-117 [This article gives the first description of the species Lophophora alberto-vojtechii]

Šnicer, Jaroslav; Bohata, Jaroslav & Myšák, Vojtĕch (2009). "The Littlest Lophophora". Cactus and Succulent Journal (US) 81(6), 294-300 [French translation available here - this version of the article features additional seed SEM images, courtesy of Gerhard Köhres]

Terry, Martin (2003). "Peyote Population Genetics Study". MAPS Bulletin 13(1), 21-22

Terry, Martin Kilman (2005). A tale of two cacti: studies in Astrophytum asterias and Lophophora williamsii. Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A&M University.


Terry, Martin; Pepper, Alan E. & Manhart, James R. (2006). "Development and characterization of microsatellite loci in endangered Astrophytum asterias (Cactaceae)". Molecular Ecology Notes 6(3), 865-866

Terry, Martin; Steelman, Karen L.; Guilderson, Tom; Dering, Phil & Rowe, Marvin W. (2006). "Lower Pecos and Coahuila peyote: new radiocarbon dates". Journal of Archaeological Science 33(7), 1017-1021

Terry, Martin (2007). Cactus Conservation in the US-Mexico Borderlands: Case Studies - Originally presented in Powerpoint at the 2nd Annual Invitational Cactus Symposium. (http://www.cactusconservation.org/CCI/library/mt/2007_Terry_Cactus%20Conservation.pdf; retrieved 2010-06-10)

Terry, Martin (2008). Cultural Baggage Radio Show - February 27, 2008 Professor Martin Terry of Sul Ross University appeared on the Cultural Baggage radio show to discuss the legal peyote trade in the US and Mexico and its use by the Native American Church. (http://www.drugtruth.net/cms/?q=node/1782; retrieved 2008-12-27)

Terry, Martin (2008). "Stalking the wild Lophophora, Part 1 - Chihuahua and Coahuila". Cactus and Succulent Journal (US) 80(4), 181-186 [German translation available here]

Terry, Martin (2008). "Stalking the wild Lophophora, Part 2 - Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas". Cactus and Succulent Journal (US) 80(5), 222-228 [German translation available here]

Terry, Martin (2008). "Stalking the wild Lophophora, Part 3 - San Luis Potosí (central), Querétaro, and Mexico City". Cactus and Succulent Journal (US) 80(6), 310-317 [German translation available here]



Terry, Martin; Trout, Keeper; Williams, Bennie; Herrera, Teodoso & Fowler, Norma (2011). "Limitations to natural production of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) I. Regrowth and survivorship two years post harvest in a South Texas population". Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 5(2), 661-675

Terry, Martin K.; Pepper, Alan E.; Strong, Anna W.; Tarin, Daniel M.; Price, Dana M. & Manhart, James R. (2012). "Genetic Structure of a Population of the Endangered Star Cactus (Astrophytum asterias) in Southern Texas". The Southwestern Naturalist 57(2), 182-188

Terry, Martin; Trout, Keeper; Williams, Bennie; Herrera, Teodoso & Fowler, Norma (2012). "Limitations to natural production of Lophophora williamsii (Cactaceae) II. Effects of repeated harvesting at two-year intervals in a South Texas population". Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 6(2), 567-577

Trout, Keeper & Norton, Burnt (2010). Peyote in the Wilds of Texas - Erowid.org. (http://www.erowid.org/plants/peyote/peyote_article4.shtml; retrieved 2011-04-13)

Weniger, Del (1970). Cacti of the Southwest: Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70000-8. [Entries for 191 species and 171 varieties of cactus. Lophophora williamsii (var. williamsii and var. echinata) is treated on pp. 95-99 and illustrated in plate 26. The Elma Dill Russell Spencer Foundation Series, no. 4]

Weniger, Del (1984). Cacti of Texas and Neighboring States: A Field Guide. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-71085-2. [Condensed version of Cacti of the Southwest; the photos are significantly better reproduced, though. Lophophora williamsii (var. williamsii and var. echinata) is treated on pp. 137-141]


For further reading, well-assorted online libraries include Biodiversity Heritage Library, Botanicus Digital Library, Cactus and Succulent Digital Library, CCI Online Library, and Living Rocks of Mexico - Online Publications

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